1. PROCESS AND STAKEHOLDERS/ACTORS MATTER

¡        Law and Society

¡        Law Making as Reflective of Politics, Economics, Social Pressures and Institutions

¡        Process

¡        Stakeholders/Actors

2. THE PROCESS: POINTS OF ENTRY FOR STAKEHOLDERS

¡        Demand

¡        Writing

¡        Promulgation

¡        Implementation

¡        Enforcement

¡        Review

¡        Revision

3. STAKEHOLDERS/ACTORS

Who Are They?                What Are Their Characteristics?

¡        Communities            Authority

¡        Institutions              Political Power

¡        Individuals              Interests

¡        The State                Capacity

4. TYPES OF ACTORS

¡        The State

• Different Levels

• Different Agencies

¡        Directly impacted population/dynamics

• Local residents

• Economic Interests

• Environmental Factors

¡        Interested players

• Organizations

• NGOs

• IGOs

• Scholars

• Activists

• Economic Interests

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTORS

¡        Authority

• What is their formal mandate or jurisdiction?

¡        Political Power

• What leverage do they have over decision makers?

¡        Interests

• What are their priorities?

¡        Capacity

• What is their capacity to effect implementation of their priorities?

6.  SOME QUESTIONS

¡        Who is law for?

¡        What makes an effective law? If it is ineffective, how do you fix it?

¡        What is the role of legal institutions in making laws, enforcing laws, and shaping laws?

7.  TESTING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

¡        How do poor communities and individuals use the law to protect or manage natural resources?

¡        What makes the law a viable option?

¡        Why would they choose not to use the legal system?

作者：Leah▪Larson-Rabin         

文章来源：Ph.D. Candidate, University of Wisconsin-Madison